Yes, a truly amazing discovery.----------
On Fri, Jul 28, 2023 at 6:36 PM, grarpamp
That report of a room-temp, ambient pressure superconductor is amazing
grarpamp wrote: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.12008.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.12037.pdf
They also filed a patent... Room temperature and normal pressure superconducting ceramic compound, and method for manufacturing same... https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2023027536A1 Yes Jim, if people have been able to validate the claims, which it seems they are still in the process of trying to do? Then it would need to fall within manufacturing at acceptable cost-benefit to the end purchasing user. Similar recent examples might be... Verification of the EmDrive Microwave Resonant Cavity ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmDrive Publication of Bob Lazar's alien antimatter gravity drives that the USGov is said to own instances of... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lazar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_computing Superconducting computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_computing Superconducting logic refers to a class of logic circuits or logic gates that use the unique properties of superconductors, including zero-resistance wires, ultrafast Josephson junction switches, and quantization of magnetic flux (fluxoid). Superconducting computing is a form of cryogenic computing, as superconductive electronic circuits require cooling to cryogenic temperatures for operation, typically below 10 kelvin. Often superconducting computing is applied to quantum computing, with an important application known as superconducting quantum computing. Superconducting digital logic circuits use single flux quanta (SFQ), also known as magnetic flux quanta, to encode, process, and transport data. SFQ circuits are made up of active Josephson junctions and passive elements such as inductors, resistors, transformers, and transmission lines. Whereas voltages and capacitors are important in semiconductor logic circuits such as CMOS, currents and inductors are most important in SFQ logic circuits. Power can be supplied by either direct current or alternating current, depending on the SFQ logic family. Fundamental concepts The primary advantage of superconducting computing is improved power efficiency over conventional CMOS technology. Much of the power consumed, and heat dissipated, by conventional processors comes from moving information between logic elements rather than the actual logic operations. Because superconductors have zero electrical resistance, little energy is required to move bits within the processor. This is expected to result in power consumption savings of a factor of 500 for an exascale computer.[1] For comparison, in 2014 it was estimated that a 1 exaFLOPS computer built in CMOS logic is estimated to consume some 500 megawatts of electrical power.[2] Superconducting logic can be an attractive option for ultrafast CPUs, where switching times are measured in picoseconds and operating frequencies approach 770 GHz.[3][4] However, since transferring information between the processor and the outside world does still dissipate energy, superconducting computing was seen as well-suited for computations-intensive tasks where the data largely stays in the cryogenic environment, rather than big data applications where large amounts of information are streamed from outside the processor.[1] As superconducting logic supports standard digital machine architectures and algorithms, the existing knowledge base for CMOS computing will still be useful in constructing superconducting computers. However, given the reduced heat dissipation, it may enable innovations such as three-dimensional stacking of components. However, as they require inductors, it is harder to reduce their size. As of 2014, devices using niobium as the superconducting material operating at 4 K were considered state-of-the-art. Important challenges for the field were reliable cryogenic memory, as well as moving from research on individual components to large-scale integration.[1] Josephson junction count is a measure of superconducting circuit or device complexity, similar to the transistor count used for semiconductor integrated circuits. History Superconducting computing research has been pursued by the U. S. National Security Agency since the mid-1950s. However, progress could not keep up with the increasing performance of standard CMOS technology. As of 2016 there are no commercial superconducting computers, although research and development continues.[5] Research in the mid-1950s to early 1960s focused on the cryotron invented by Dudley Allen Buck, but the liquid-helium temperatures and the slow switching time between superconducting and resistive states caused this research to be abandoned. In 1962 Brian Josephson established the theory behind the Josephson effect, and within a few years IBM had fabricated the first Josephson junction. IBM invested heavily in this technology from the mid-1960s to 1983.[6] By the mid-1970s IBM had constructed a superconducting quantum interference device using these junctions, mainly working with lead-based junctions and later switching to lead/niobium junctions. In 1980 the Josephson computer revolution was announced by IBM through the cover page of the May issue of Scientific American. One of the reasons which justified such a large-scale investment lies in that Moore's law - enunciated in 1965 - was expected to slow down and reach a plateau 'soon'. However, on the one hand Moore's law kept its validity, while the costs of improving superconducting devices were basically borne entirely by IBM alone and the latter, however big, could not compete with the whole world of semiconductors which provided nearly limitless resources.[7] Thus, the program was shut down in 1983 because the technology was not considered competitive with standard semiconductor technology. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry funded a superconducting research effort from 1981 to 1989 that produced the ETL-JC1, which was a 4-bit machine with 1,000 bits of RAM.[5] In 1983, Bell Labs created niobium/aluminum oxide Josephson junctions that were more reliable and easier to fabricate. In 1985, the Rapid single flux quantum logic scheme, which had improved speed and energy efficiency, was developed by researchers at Moscow State University. These advances led to the United States' Hybrid Technology Multi-Threaded project, started in 1997, which sought to beat conventional semiconductors to the petaflop computing scale. The project was abandoned in 2000, however, and the first conventional petaflop computer was constructed in 2008. After 2000, attention turned to superconducting quantum computing. The 2011 introduction of reciprocal quantum logic by Quentin Herr of Northrop Grumman, as well as energy-efficient rapid single flux quantum by Hypres, were seen as major advances.[5] The push for exascale computing beginning in the mid-2010s, as codified in the National Strategic Computing Initiative, was seen as an opening for superconducting computing research as exascale computers based on CMOS technology would be expected to require impractical amounts of electrical power. The Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, formed in 2006, currently coordinates the U. S. Intelligence Community's research and development efforts in superconducting computing.[5] Conventional computing techniques Despite the names of many of these techniques containing the word "quantum", they are not necessarily platforms for quantum computing.[citation needed] Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) Main article: Rapid single flux quantum Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) superconducting logic was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1980s.[8] Information is carried by the presence or absence of a single flux quantum (SFQ). The Josephson junctions are critically damped, typically by addition of an appropriately sized shunt resistor, to make them switch without a hysteresis. Clocking signals are provided to logic gates by separately distributed SFQ voltage pulses. Power is provided by bias currents distributed using resistors that can consume more than 10 times as much static power than the dynamic power used for computation. The simplicity of using resistors to distribute currents can be an advantage in small circuits and RSFQ continues to be used for many applications where energy efficiency is not of critical importance. RSFQ has been used to build specialized circuits for high-throughput and numerically intensive applications, such as communications receivers and digital signal processing. Josephson junctions in RSFQ circuits are biased in parallel. Therefore, the total bias current grows linearly with the Josephson junction count. This currently presents the major limitation on the integration scale of RSFQ circuits, which does not exceed a few tens of thousands of Josephson junctions per circuit. LR-RSFQ Reducing the resistor (R) used to distribute currents in traditional RSFQ circuits and adding an inductor (L) in series can reduce the static power dissipation and improve energy efficiency.[9][10] Low Voltage RSFQ (LV-RSFQ) Reducing the bias voltage in traditional RSFQ circuits can reduce the static power dissipation and improve energy efficiency.[11][12] Energy-Efficient Single Flux Quantum Technology (ERSFQ/eSFQ) Efficient rapid single flux quantum (ERSFQ) logic was developed to eliminate the static power losses of RSFQ by replacing bias resistors with sets of inductors and current-limiting Josephson junctions.[13][14] Efficient single flux quantum (eSFQ) logic is also powered by direct current, but differs from ERSFQ in the size of the bias current limiting inductor and how the limiting Josephson junctions are regulated.[15] Reciprocal Quantum Logic (RQL) Reciprocal Quantum Logic (RQL) was developed to fix some of the problems of RSFQ logic. RQL uses reciprocal pairs of SFQ pulses to encode a logical '1'. Both power and clock are provided by multi-phase alternating current signals. RQL gates do not use resistors to distribute power and thus dissipate negligible static power.[16] Major RQL gates include: AndOr, AnotB, Set/Reset (with nondestructive readout), which together form a universal logic set and provide memory capabilities.[17] Adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametron (AQFP) Main article: Quantum flux parametron Adiabatic Quantum flux parametron (AQFP) logic was developed for energy-efficient operation and is powered by alternating current.[18][19] On January 13, 2021, it was announced that a 2.5 GHz prototype AQFP-based processor called MANA (Monolithic Adiabatic iNtegration Architecture) had achieved an energy efficiency that was 80 times that of traditional semiconductor processors, even accounting for the cooling.[20] Quantum computing techniques Main article: Superconducting quantum computing Superconducting quantum computing is a promising implementation of quantum information technology that involves nanofabricated superconducting electrodes coupled through Josephson junctions. As in a superconducting electrode, the phase and the charge are conjugate variables. There exist three families of superconducting qubits, depending on whether the charge, the phase, or neither of the two are good quantum numbers. These are respectively termed charge qubits, flux qubits, and hybrid qubits. See also Beyond CMOS Logic gate Superconductivity Unconventional computing References Joneckis, Lance; Koester, David; Alspector, Joshua (2014-01-01). "An Initial Look at Alternative Computing Technologies for the Intelligence Community" (PDF). Institute for Defense Analyses. pp. 15–16, 24–25, 47–50. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Kogge P (2011). "The tops in flops", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 48, pp. 48–54, 2011. Courtland R (2011). "Superconductor Logic Goes Low-Power", IEEE spectrum, 22 June 2011 Holmes DS, Ripple AL, Manheimer MA (2013). "Energy-efficient superconducting computing—power budgets and requirements", IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, 1701610, June 2013. Brock, David C. (2016-04-24). "Will the NSA Finally Build Its Superconducting Spy Computer?". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2016-04-21. Gallagher, William J.; Harris, Erik P.; Ketchen, Mark B. (July 2012). "Superconductivity at IBM – a Centennial Review: Part I – Superconducting Computer and Device Applications, IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM, No. 21" (PDF). snf.ieeecsc.org. IEEE Council on superconductivity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2023. N. De Liso, G. Filatrella, D. Gagliardi, C. Napoli (2020). "Cold numbers: Superconducting supercomputers and presumptive anomaly", Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 29, no. 2, pp.485-505, 2020. Likharev KK, Semenov VK (1991). "RSFQ logic/memory family: a new Josephson-junction technology for sub-terahertz-clock-frequency digital systems", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1991, pp. 3-28. Yamanashi Y, Nishigai T, and Yoshikawa N (2007). "Study of LR-loading technique for low-power single flux quantum circuits", IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol.17, pp.150–153, June 2007. Ortlepp T, Wetzstein O, Engert S, Kunert J, Toepfer H (2011). "Reduced Power Consumption in Superconducting Electronics", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.21, no.3, pp.770-775, June 2011. Tanaka M, Ito M, Kitayama A, Kouketsu T, Fujimaki A (2012). "18-GHz, 4.0-aJ/bit Operation of Ultra-Low-Energy Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum Shift Registers", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51 053102, May 2012. Tanaka M, Kitayama A, Koketsu T, Ito M, Fujimaki A (2013). "Low-Energy Consumption RSFQ Circuits Driven by Low Voltages", IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1701104, June 2013. Mukhanov OA (2011). "Energy-Efficient Single Flux Quantum Technology", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.21, no.3, pp.760-769, June 2011. DE Kirichenko, S Sarwana, AF Kirichenko (2011). "Zero Static Power Dissipation Biasing of RSFQ Circuits", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, vol.21, no.3, pp.776-779, June 2011. Volkmann MH, Sahu A, Fourie CJ, and Mukhanov OA (2013). "Implementation of energy efficient single flux quantum (eSFQ) digital circuits with sub-aJ/bit operation", Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 015002. Herr QP, Herr AY, Oberg OT, and Ioannidis AG (2011). "Ultra-low-power superconductor logic", J. Appl. Phys. vol. 109, pp. 103903-103910, 2011. Oberg OT (2011). Superconducting Logic Circuits Operating With Reciprocal Magnetic Flux Quanta, University of Maryland, Department of Physics, PhD dissertation. Takeuchi N, Ozawa D, Yamanashi Y and Yoshikawa N (2013). "An adiabatic quantum flux parametron as an ultra-low-power logic device", Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 035010. Takeuchi N, Yamanashi Y and Yoshikawa N (2015). "Energy efficiency of adiabatic superconductor logic", Supercond. Sci. Technol. 28 015003, Jan. 2015. "Superconducting Microprocessors? Turns Out They're Ultra-Efficient". 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-05-25. "The 2.5 GHz prototype uses 80 times less energy than its semiconductor counterpart, even accounting for cooling … While adiabatic semiconductor microprocessors exist, the new microprocessor prototype, called MANA (Monolithic Adiabatic iNtegration Architecture), is the world's first adiabatic superconductor microprocessor. It's composed of superconducting niobium and relies on hardware components called adiabatic quantum-flux-parametrons (AQFPs). Each AQFP is composed of a few fast-acting Josephson junction switches, which require very little energy to support superconductor electronics. The MANA microprocessor consists of more than 20,000 Josephson junctions (or more than 10,000 AQFPs) in total." External links Superconducting Technology Assessment, NSA, 2005 - Promoted RSFQ R&D projects. ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving... Report 2008, "6.2.4 Superconducting Logic" Categories: Logic families Integrated circuits Quantum electronics Superconductivity Digital electronics Josephson effect This page was last edited on 10 June 2023, at 11:33 (UTC). Room-temperature superconductor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor A magnet is suspended over a liquid nitrogen cooled high-temperature superconductor (-200°C)This superconductor is cooled to below -200°C and is exhibiting the meissner effect. A room-temperature superconductor is a material that is capable of exhibiting superconductivity at operating temperatures above 0 °C (273 K; 32 °F), that is, temperatures that can be reached and easily maintained in an everyday environment. As of 2020, the material with the highest claimed superconducting temperature is an extremely pressurized carbonaceous sulfur hydride with a critical transition temperature of +15 °C at 267 GPa.[1] On 22 September 2022, the original article reporting superconductivity in the carbonaceous sulfur hydride material was retracted by Nature journal editorial board due to a non standard, user-defined data analysis, calling into question the scientific validity of the claim.[2][3] At atmospheric pressure the temperature record is still held by cuprates, which have demonstrated superconductivity at temperatures as high as 138 K (−135 °C).[4] Although researchers once doubted whether room-temperature superconductivity was actually achievable,[5][6] superconductivity has repeatedly been discovered at temperatures that were previously unexpected or held to be impossible. Claims of "near-room temperature" transient effects date from the early 1950s. Finding a room-temperature superconductor "would have enormous technological importance and, for example, help to solve the world's energy problems, provide for faster computers, allow for novel memory-storage devices, and enable ultra-sensitive sensors, among many other possibilities."[6][7] Unsolved problem in physics: Is it possible to make a material that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure? (more unsolved problems in physics) Reports Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductors ("high" being temperatures above 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), the boiling point of liquid nitrogen), several materials have been reported to be room-temperature superconductors, although most of these reports have not been confirmed.[8] In 2000, while extracting electrons from diamond during ion implantation work, Johan Prins claimed to have observed a phenomenon that he explained as room-temperature superconductivity within a phase formed on the surface of oxygen-doped type IIa diamonds in a 10−6 mbar vacuum.[9] In 2003, a group of researchers published results on high-temperature superconductivity in palladium hydride (PdHx: x>1)[10] and an explanation in 2004.[11] In 2007, the same group published results suggesting a superconducting transition temperature of 260 K.[12] The superconducting critical temperature increases as the density of hydrogen inside the palladium lattice increases. This work has not been corroborated by other groups. In 2012, an Advanced Materials article claimed superconducting behavior of graphite powder after treatment with pure water at temperatures as high as 300 K and above.[13][unreliable source?] So far, the authors have not been able to demonstrate the occurrence of a clear Meissner phase and the vanishing of the material's resistance. In 2014, an article published in Nature suggested that some materials, notably YBCO (yttrium barium copper oxide), could be made to superconduct at room temperature using infrared laser pulses.[14] In 2015, an article published in Nature by researchers of the Max Planck Institute suggested that under certain conditions such as extreme pressure H 2S transitioned to a superconductive form H 3S at 150 GPa (around 1.5 million times atmospheric pressure) in a diamond anvil cell.[15] The critical temperature is 203 K (−70 °C) which would be the highest Tc ever recorded and their research suggests that other hydrogen compounds could superconduct at up to 260 K (−13 °C) which would match up with the original research of Ashcroft.[16][17] In 2018, Dev Kumar Thapa and Anshu Pandey from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore claimed the observation of superconductivity at ambient pressure and room temperature in films and pellets of a nanostructured material that is composed of silver particles embedded in a gold matrix.[18] Due to similar noise patterns of supposedly independent plots and the publication's lack of peer review, the results have been called into question.[19] Although the researchers validated their findings in a later paper in 2019,[20] this claim is yet to be verified and confirmed.[citation needed] Also in 2018, researchers noted a possible superconducting phase at 260 K (−13 °C) in lanthanum decahydride (LaH 10) at elevated (200 GPa) pressure.[21] In 2019, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose transition temperature is approximately 250 K (−23 °C).[22][23] In October 2020, room-temperature superconductivity at 288 K (at 15 °C) was reported in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride at very high pressure (267 GPa) triggered into crystallisation via green laser.[24][25] The paper has been retracted in 2022 as doubts were raised concerning the statistical methods used by the authors to derive the result.[26] In March 2021, an announcement reported room-temperature superconductivity in a layered yttrium-palladium-hydron material at 262 K and a pressure of 187 GPa. Palladium may act as a hydrogen migration catalyst in the material.[27] In March 2023, superconductivity at a temperature of 294 K, and a pressure of 1 GPa, was reported in a nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride material.[28] The claim has been met with some skepticism as it was made by the same researchers (see Ranga P. Dias) that made similar claims retracted by Nature in 2022[29][30][31][32][33] and claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen in 2016 as well as other allegations.[34] Dense group IVa hydrides (as the new material) have been previously suggested could be superconductors at lower pressures than metallic hydrogen.[35][36] First attempts to replicate the results of superconductivity in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride have failed although the authors of the attempt recognize improvements could be made.[37][38] Later attempts made by a different team using the original samples instead of newly prepared ones seem to confirm the reality of superconductivity in the Lu-N-H system.[39][40] On July 23, 2023, a Korean team from the Quantum Energy Research Center at Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) posted a paper to the arXiv preprint server entitled "The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor", describing a novel RTSC they called LK-99.[41] The paper was accompanied by a sister paper on arXiv,[42] a paper in a Korean journal[43] and a patent application.[44] Multiple experts have expressed skepticism, with Oxford Materials Science Professor Susannah Speller stating that “it is too early to say that we have been presented with compelling evidence for superconductivity in these samples,” due to the lack of clear signatures of superconductivity, like magnetic field response and heat capacity. Other experts have expressed concerns that the data may be explained by "errors in the experimental procedure combined with imperfections in the LK-99 sample," and one scientist questioned the theoretical model used by the researchers.[45] Theories Theoretical work by British physicist Neil Ashcroft predicted that solid metallic hydrogen at extremely high pressure (~500 GPa) should become superconducting at approximately room temperature because of its extremely high speed of sound and expected strong coupling between the conduction electrons and the lattice vibrations (phonons).[46] This prediction is yet to be experimentally verified, as the pressure to achieve metallic hydrogen is not known but may be on the order of 500 GPa. A team at Harvard University has claimed to make metallic hydrogen and reports a pressure of 495 GPa.[47] Though the exact critical temperature has not yet been determined, weak signs of a possible Meissner effect and changes in magnetic susceptibility at 250 K may have appeared in early magnetometer tests on the original now-lost sample and is being analyzed by the French team working with doughnut shapes rather than planar at the diamond culet tips.[48] In 1964, William A. Little proposed the possibility of high-temperature superconductivity in organic polymers.[49] This proposal is based on the exciton-mediated electron pairing, as opposed to phonon-mediated pairing in BCS theory. In 2004, Ashcroft returned to his idea and suggested that hydrogen-rich compounds can become metallic and superconducting at lower pressures than hydrogen. More specifically, he proposed a novel way to pre-compress hydrogen chemically by examining IVa hydrides.[35] In 2016, research suggested a link between the palladium hydride containing small impurities of sulfur nanoparticles as a plausible explanation for the anomalous transient resistance drops seen during some experiments, and hydrogen absorption by cuprates was suggested in light of the 2015 results in H 2S as a plausible explanation for transient resistance drops or "USO" noticed in the 1990s by Chu et al. during research after the discovery of YBCO.[citation needed][50] It is also possible that if the bipolaron explanation is correct, a normally semiconducting material can transition under some conditions into a superconductor if a critical level of alternating spin coupling in a single plane within the lattice is exceeded; this may have been documented in very early experiments from 1986. The best analogy here would be anisotropic magnetoresistance, but in this case the outcome is a drop to zero rather than a decrease within a very narrow temperature range for the compounds tested similar to "re-entrant superconductivity".[citation needed] In 2018, support was found for electrons having anomalous 3/2 spin states in YPtBi.[51] Though YPtBi is a relatively low temperature superconductor, this does suggest another approach to creating superconductors. It was also discovered that many superconductors, including the cuprates and iron pnictides, have two or more competing mechanisms fighting for dominance (Charge density wave)[citation needed] and excitonic states so, as with organic light emitting diodes and other quantum systems, adding the right spin catalyst may by itself increase Tc. A possible candidate would be iridium or gold placed in some of the adjacent molecules or as a thin surface layer so the correct mechanism then propagates throughout the entire lattice similar to a phase transition. As yet, this is speculative; some efforts have been made, notably adding lead to BSCCO, which is well known to help promote high Tc phases by chemistry alone. However, relativistic effects similar to those found in lead-acid batteries might be responsible suggesting that a similar mechanism in mercury- or thallium-based cuprates may be possible using a related metal such as tin. Any such catalyst would need to be nonreactive chemically but have properties that affect one mechanism but not the others, and also not interfere with subsequent annealing and oxygenation steps nor change the lattice resonances excessively. A possible workaround for the issues discussed would be to use strong electrostatic fields to hold the molecules in place during one of the steps until the lattice is formed.[original research?] Some research efforts are currently moving towards ternary superhydrides, where it has been predicted that Li 2MgH 16 (bilithium magnesium hexadecahydride) would have a Tc of 473 K (200 °C) at 250 GPa[52][53] (much hotter than what is normally considered room temperature). On the side of binary superhydrides, it has been predicted that ScH 12 (scandium dodedecahydride) would exhibit superconductivity at room temperature – Tc between 333 K (60 °C) and 398 K (125 °C) – under a pressure expected not to exceed 100 GPa.[54] References Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (15 October 2020). "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride". 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"The recent theory-orientated discovery of record high-temperature superconductivity (Tc~250 K) in sodalitelike clathrate LaH10 is an important advance toward room-temperature superconductors. Here, we identify an alternative clathrate structure in ternary Li 2MgH 16 with a remarkably high estimated Tc of ~473 K at 250 GPa, which may allow us to obtain room-temperature or even higher-temperature superconductivity." Extance, Andy (1 November 2019). "The race is on to make the first room temperature superconductor". www.chemistryworld.com. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019. "In August, Ma and colleagues published a study that showed the promise of ternary superhydrides. They predicted that Li 2MgH 16 would have a Tc of 473 K at 250 GPa, far in excess of room temperature." Jiang, Qiwen; Duan, Defang; Song, Hao; Zhang, Zihan; Huo, Zihao; Cui, Tian; Yao, Yansun (6 February 2023). "Room temperature superconductivity in ScH12 with quasi-atomic hydrogen below megabar pressure". arXiv:2302.02621 [cond-mat.supr-con]. Categories: Superconductors Hypothetical technology High pressure science This page was last edited on 29 July 2023, at 00:25 (UTC). Bob Lazar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lazar Robert Lazar Born Robert Scott Lazar January 26, 1959 (age 64) Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. Occupation(s) Owner of United Nuclear Scientific Equipment and Supplies Criminal charges Pandering, trade of illegal goods Spouse Joy White Robert Scott Lazar (/ləˈzɑːr/; born January 26, 1959) is an American businessman and conspiracy theorist who claims he was hired in the late 1980s to reverse-engineer extraterrestrial technology. This work supposedly occurred at a secret site called "S-4", a subsidiary installation allegedly located several kilometers south of the United States Air Force facility popularly known as Area 51. Lazar purports to have examined an alien craft and read US government briefing documents that described alien involvement in human affairs over the past 10,000 years. His claims brought additional public attention to Area 51 and fueled conspiracy theories surrounding its classified activities. His assertions have been analyzed and rejected by skeptics and some ufologists, although he retains a following of supporters. Lazar has no evidence of alien life or technology, and elements of his claimed education and employment history have been exaggerated or fabricated. Perceptions of Lazar have also been affected by criminal activity: he was convicted in 1990 for his involvement in a prostitution ring, and again in 2006 for selling illegal chemicals. Journalist Ken Layne states, "A lot of credible people have looked at Lazar's story and rationally concluded that he made it up."[1][2] Background Groom Lake (left) and Papoose Lake (right) An Area 51 gate Lazar graduated from high school late, in the bottom third of his class. The only science course he took was a chemistry class. He subsequently attended Pierce Junior College in Los Angeles.[3] In 1982, Lazar worked as a technician for a contractor company that provided support staff to the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, within the Los Alamos National Laboratory.[3][4][5] He filed for bankruptcy in 1986, where he described himself as a self-employed film processor.[3][6] Lazar owns and operates United Nuclear Scientific Equipment and Supplies, which sells a variety of materials and chemicals.[7] Claims Education Lazar claims to have obtained master's degrees in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and in electronics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). However, both universities show no record of him.[3][8] Scientists Stanton T. Friedman and Donald R. Prothero have stated that nobody with Lazar's high school performance record would be accepted by either institution.[3][4] Lazar is unable to supply the names of any lecturers or fellow students from his alleged tenures at MIT and Caltech; one supposed Caltech professor, William Duxler, was in fact located at Pierce Junior College and had never taught at Caltech.[3][9] Friedman asserted, "Quite obviously, if one can go to MIT, one doesn't go to Pierce. Lazar was at Pierce at the very same time he was supposedly at MIT more than 2,500 miles away."[3] Employment Lazar claims to be a physicist, and to have worked in this capacity during his tenure at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility.[3][10] This assertion was echoed by a local journalist who interviewed Lazar about his interest in jet-powered cars in 1982;[a] some media outlets have since dubbed him a "physicist".[b] Inquiry into Lazar's position at the facility, however, revealed his role to have been a technician for a contractor firm, and that he worked neither as a physicist or for Los Alamos.[3][4][5] As such, the laboratory has no records on Lazar, whom Prothero states was "in short, rather a minor player."[4] The Smithsonian, and various mainstream news outlets, have stated that his "physicist" designation is self-proclaimed.[c] Since 1989, Lazar has achieved public notoriety as an Area 51 conspiracy theorist.[d] In May of that year, he appeared in an interview with investigative reporter George Knapp on Las Vegas TV station KLAS, under the pseudonym "Dennis" and with his face hidden, to discuss his purported employment at "S-4", a subsidiary facility he claimed exists near the Nellis Air Force Base installation known as Area 51. He claims that the said facility was adjacent to Papoose Lake, which is located south of the main Area 51 facility at Groom Lake. He claimed the site consisted of concealed aircraft hangars built into a mountainside. Lazar said that his job was to help with the reverse engineering of one of nine flying saucers, which he alleged were extraterrestrial in origin. He claims one of the flying saucers, the one he coined the "Sport Model", was manufactured out of a metallic substance similar in appearance and touch to liquid titanium. In a subsequent interview that November, Lazar appeared unmasked and under his own name, where he claimed that his job interview for work at the facility was with contractor EG&G and that his employer was the United States Navy. EG&G stated it had no records on him.[34][e] His supposed employment at a Nellis Air Force Base subsidiary has also been discredited by skeptics, as well as by the United States Air Force.[4][35] Lazar has claimed that the propulsion of the studied vehicle ran on an antimatter reactor[36] and was fueled by the chemical element with atomic number 115 (E115), which at the time was provisionally named ununpentium and had not yet been artificially created.[4][37] (It was first synthesized in 2003 and later named moscovium.)[38] He said that the propulsion system relied on a stable isotope of E115, which allegedly generates a gravity wave that allowed the vehicle to fly and to evade visual detection by bending light around it.[39] No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been synthesized. All have proven extremely radioactive, decaying in a few hundred milliseconds.[40] Lazar said the craft was dismantled, and the reactor he studied was topped by a sphere or semi-sphere which emitted a force field capable of repulsing human flesh.[41] He explained that the craft was split into two main levels.[f] The reactor was positioned at the center of the upper level, with an antenna extending to the top,[g] surrounded by three "gravity amplifiers". These connected to "gravity emitters" on the lower level, which can rotate 180 degrees to output a "gravity beam or anti-gravity wave" and that the craft would then travel "belly first" into this distortion field.[42] Lazar has claimed that during his joining the program, he read briefing documents describing the historical involvement of Earth for the past 10,000 years with extraterrestrial beings described as grey aliens from a planet orbiting the twin binary star system Zeta Reticuli. As of September 2019, no extrasolar planets have been found in the Zeta Reticuli system.[43][44] In 1989, Lazar said the seats of the saucer he saw were approximately child-sized and that he had seen alien cadavers of a corresponding size.[45][46] He said that while walking down a hallway at S-4, he briefly glanced through a door window and saw what he interpreted as two men in lab coats facing down and talking to "something small with long arms".[47] Three decades later, he said he did not think he saw an alien, but speculated that he saw a doll used as reference for the size of the alleged aliens, and that a nickname used for them was "the kids".[47] Lazar alleges that his employment and education records have been erased; however, skeptics Donald R. Prothero, Stanton T. Friedman and Timothy D. Callahan find this to be implausible.[4] His story has drawn significant media attention, controversy, supporters, and detractors. Lazar has no evidence of alien life or technology.[8][35][48][49] In 2017, Lazar's workplace was raided by the FBI and local police which Lazar theorizes was to recover "element 115", a substance he says he took from a government lab. Records obtained through a freedom of information request show the raid was part of a murder investigation to determine whether his company sold thallium to a murder suspect in Michigan. Lazar is not listed as a suspect in the investigation.[50] Public appearances and media Lazar and long-time friend Gene Huff ran the Desert Blast festival,[51] an annual festival in the Nevada desert for pyrotechnics enthusiasts.[51][52] The festival started in 1987, but was only formally named in 1991. The name was inspired by Operation Desert Storm.[52] The festival features homemade explosives, rockets, jet-powered vehicles, and other pyrotechnics,[51][52] with the aim of emphasizing the fun aspect of chemistry and physics.[52] Lazar was featured in producer George Knapp and Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell's documentary Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers[53] and Joe Rogan's podcast.[50][54][55] Lazar had met and discussed his alleged works on UFOs with Navy pilot and commander David Fravor, who witnessed the USS Nimitz UFO incident in 2004.[56] Criminal convictions In 1990, Lazar was arrested for aiding and abetting a prostitution ring. This was reduced to felony pandering, to which he pleaded guilty.[57][58][59] He was ordered to do 150 hours of community service, stay away from brothels, and undergo psychotherapy.[58][59] In 2006, Lazar and his wife Joy White were charged with violating the Federal Hazardous Substances Act for shipping restricted chemicals across state lines. The charges stemmed from a 2003 raid on United Nuclear's business offices, where chemical sales records were examined.[7] United Nuclear pleaded guilty to three criminal counts of introducing into interstate commerce, and aiding and abetting the introduction into interstate commerce, banned hazardous substances. In 2007, United Nuclear was fined $7,500 for violating a law prohibiting the sale of chemicals and components used to make illegal fireworks.[60][61] Journalist Stephen Rodrick and author Neil Nixon write that further doubts have been cast on Lazar's credibility due to his criminal activity.[55][62] Author Timothy Good and filmmaker Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell, who have perpetuated Lazar's story, concur with this assertion.[63][64] Footnotes This was a story by Los Alamos Monitor journalist Terry England, which circulated regionally via the Associated Press.[11][12][13] See: [14][15][16][17] The Smithsonian, and various mainstream news outlets, have noted Lazar's "physicist" designation as either "self-proclaimed"[18][19][20][21] or "self-described".[22][23][24] Sources describing Lazar as a "conspiracy theorist": [14][15][18][19][25][26][27][28][29][30] Publications on conspiracy theories that detail Lazar's claims: [31][32][33] According to spotlight by KLAS-TV: The schools in which Lazar claims to have studied "say they've never heard of him" (6:05) Lazar alleges he worked at Los Alamos, "where he experimented with the world's largest particle beam accelerators" (6:13) George Knapp: Los Alamos officials say they had no records of him ever working there (6:25) George Knapp: "they were either mistaken or were lying: a 1982 phonebook from the lab lists Lazar right there among the other scientists and technicians" (news section shows the cover of a Los Alamos national laboratory phone directory, and then a list of names which includes "Lazar Robert") (6:30) Los Alamos Monitor article of 1982 is shown, the date reading Sunday, June 2X (low resolution), 1982, with the title "LA man joins the jet set – at 200 miles an hour" with a picture of a man with a car, with Knapp saying that it "profiles Lazar and his interest in jet-cars". It zooms in on the clipping to an excerpt which states: "It's not the car so much that's important. To Lazar, a physicist at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, the important thing is the jet engine. It's something he's been working on for years. It started "awhile ago" when working with another researcher in NASA on the technology." (6:39) George Knapp: "we called Los Alamos again. An exasperated official told us he still had no records on Lazar. EG&G, which is where Lazar says he was interviewed for the job at S4, also has no records." (6:48) The news section cuts to Lazar who claims he called the schools he attended, the hospital he was born in, and his past job to get records, but to no avail. (7:00) Lazar alleges his employer at S4 was the US Navy. (7:21)[10] In addition to a small, topmost level, which he speculated may have housed a kind of navigational computer. 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Air ship of Clonmacnoise (740s) 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel José Bonilla observation (1883) Airship wave (1896-7) Aurora (1897) 20th century Los Angeles (1942) Kenneth Arnold (1947) 1947 craze Flight 105 (1947) Roswell (1947) Rhodes (1947) Mantell (1948) Chiles-Whitted (1948) Gorman Dogfight (1948) Mariana (1950) McMinnville photographs (1950) Sperry (1950) Lubbock Lights (1951) Nash-Fortenberry (1952) Washington, D.C. (1952) Flatwoods monster (1952) Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) Antônio Villas Boas (1957) Levelland (1957) Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) Exeter (1965) Kecksburg (1965) Westall (1966) Falcon Lake (1967) Shag Harbour (1967) Jimmy Carter (1969) Finnish Air Force (1969) Pascagoula Abduction (1973) John Lennon UFO incident (1974) Travis Walton incident (1975) Tehran (1976) Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) Operação Prato (1977) Zanfretta incident (1978) Valentich disappearance (1978) Kaikoura Lights (1978) Robert Taylor incident (1979) Val Johnson incident (1979) Cash–Landrum incident (1980) Rendlesham Forest (1980) Trans-en-Provence (1981) Japan Air Lines (1986) Ilkley Moor (1987) Voronezh incident (1989) Belgian UFO wave (1990) Ariel School (1994) Varginha (1996) Phoenix Lights (1997) 21st century USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004) Campeche, Mexico (2004) O'Hare Airport (2006) Alderney (2007) Norway (2009) USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014) Jetpack man (2020–21) High-altitude object events (2023) David Grusch claims (2023) Confirmed hoaxes Maury Island hoax (1947) Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) Southern England (1967) Majestic 12 (1985) Gulf Breeze (1987–88) Alien autopsy (1995) Morristown (2009) Sightings by country Africa (South Africa) Albania Argentina Australia Belarus Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Republic France Greece India Indonesia Iran Italy Mexico Nepal New Zealand Norway Poland Russia Spain (Canary Islands) Sweden United Kingdom United States Types of UFOs Black triangle Flying saucer Foo fighter Ghost rockets Green fireballs Mystery airship Space jellyfish Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings Energy beings Grey aliens Insectoids Little green men Nordic aliens Reptilian humanoids Studies The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950) Project Sign (1948) Project Grudge (1949) Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) Project Magnet (1950–1962) Project Blue Book (1952–1970) Robertson Panel (1953) Ruppelt report (1956) National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956-1980) Condon Report (1966–1968) Institute 22 (1978–?) Project Condign (1997–2000) Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012) Identification studies of UFOs Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Cryptoterrestrial Extraterrestrial Interdimensional Psychosocial Nazi UFOs Trotskyist-Posadism Conspiracy theories Area 51 Storm Area 51 Bob Lazar Dulce Base Men in black Project Serpo Involvement Abduction claims History Entities Claimants Narrative Perspectives Insurance Other Implants Cattle mutilation Close encounter Contactee Crop circles Government responses GEIPAN Organizations Ufologists Culture Conventions Fiction Religions list Skepticism List of scientific skeptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Category Authority control Edit this at Wikidata International FAST VIAF National Germany United States Categories: 1959 births Living people UFO conspiracy theorists People from Coral Gables, Florida Los Angeles Pierce College alumni American conspiracy theorists 20th-century American businesspeople Businesspeople from Florida This page was last edited on 25 June 2023, at 07:47 (UTC).