Another interesting thing Alan found... Topic: Keystone is the identity service used by OpenStack for authentication (authN) and high-level authorization (authZ). It currently supports token-based authN and user-service authorization. It has recently been rearchitected to allow for expansion to support proxying external services and AuthN/AuthZ mechanisms such as oAuth, SAML and openID in future versions. Link: http://wiki.openstack.org/keystone