May 2022 - cypherpunks@lists.ogf.org

What is Plagiarism? Codes of Ethics
by Revevilgod God 10 May '22

10 May '22

Plagiarism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.[1][2] In educational contexts, there are differing definitions of plagiarism depending on the institution.[3] Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school[4] or work,[5] substantial fines[6][7] and even imprisonment.[8][9] Generally, plagiarism is not in itself a crime, but like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a court[10][11] for prejudices caused by copyright infringement,[12][13] violation of moral rights,[14] or torts. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense.[15][16] Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts,[17] and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated by courts. Not all countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. While some, such as India and Poland, consider plagiarism to be a crime liable for imprisonment,[18] in other countries the reiteration of another professional's work can be a sign of respect or flattery.[19] Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition difficult.[20] Etymology and ancient history Edit In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word "plagiarius" (literally "kidnapper") to denote stealing someone else's creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft.[15][21] The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.[22] The Latin plagiārius, "kidnapper", and plagium, "kidnapping", have the root plaga ("snare", "net"), based on the Indo-European root *-plak, "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek plekein, Bulgarian "плета" pleta, and Latin plectere, all meaning "to weave"). It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did not condemn it, and it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century. While people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons as well as long travel times, there are a considerable number of pre-Enlightenment authors who accuse others of plagiarism and consider it distasteful and scandalous, including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elder.[23] The 3rd century Greek work Lives of the Eminent Philosophers mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing (κλέψαντα αὐτὸν) a treatise on Heliod and Homer.[24][25] In Vitruvius's 7th book, he acknowledges his debt to earlier writers and attributes them; he also passes a strong condemnation of plagiarism: "So, while [earlier writers] deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own; and those also, who depend in their writings, not on their own ideas, but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life."[26] Vitruvius goes on to claim that "such things did not pass without strict chastisement"[26] and recounts a story where the well-read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry competition. Aristophanes caught most of the contestants in plagiarizing other's poems as their own; the king ordered the plagiarizers to confess they were thieves, and they were condemned in disgrace. While the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.[27] Legal aspects Edit Hannah Glasse's signature at the top of the first chapter of her book, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, 6th Edition, 1758, an attempted defence against rampant plagiarism Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense, although the use of someone else's work in order to gain academic credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud.[28] "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil.[29][16] Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights.[16] In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if you did not write it yourself, you must give credit".[30] Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher). Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong. In academia and journalism Edit Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems.[31] Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations, required writing courses, and clearly articulated honor codes.[32] Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong.[32] Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork.[32] However, the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting, has rapidly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software.[33] An extreme form of plagiarism, known as "contract cheating", involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them.[28] In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment.[34] Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.[35] Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.[36] For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.[37][38] Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound.[39] Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted.[40] Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard,[41][42][43][44] Susan Blum,[45][46] Tracey Bretag,[47][48][49] and Sarah Elaine Eaton.[3][50][51] Academia Edit One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion. No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists.[3] However, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism. It has been called, "The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected."[52] This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism.[53] According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone: Uses words, ideas, or work products Attributable to another identifiable person or source Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary[53] Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities: Stanford defines plagiarism as the "use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form".[54] Yale views plagiarism as the "... use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution", which includes "... using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original".[55] Princeton describes plagiarism as the "deliberate" use of "someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source".[56] Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of "a writer's ideas or phraseology without giving due credit".[57] Brown defines plagiarism as "... appropriating another person's ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source".[58] The U.S. Naval Academy defines plagiarism as "the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation".[59] Forms of academic plagiarism Edit Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral approach, i.e., they seek to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists. For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin,[60] identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit: Submitting someone's work as their own. Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations (self-plagiarism). Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources. Using quotations but not citing the source. Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing. Citing some, but not all, passages that should be cited. Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece. Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough (close paraphrasing). Inaccurately citing a source. Relying too heavily on other people's work, failing to bring original thought into the text. A 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection[61] deductively derived a technically oriented typology of academic plagiarism from the linguistic model of language consisting of lexis, syntax, and semantics extended by a fourth layer to capture the plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect: Characters-preserving plagiarism Verbatim copying without proper citation Syntax-preserving plagiarism Synonym substitution Technical disguise (e.g. using identically looking glyphs from another alphabet) Semantics-preserving plagiarism Translation Paraphrase Idea-preserving plagiarism Appropriation of ideas or concepts Reusing text structure Ghostwriting Collusion (typically among students) Contract cheating Sanctions for student plagiarism Edit In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution.[4] The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.[62] The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised. For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.[63] However, to impose sanctions, plagiarism needs to be detected. Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing, citation errors and providing plagiarism prevention education to students.[64] It has been found that a significant share of (university) teachers do not use detection methods such as using text-matching software.[65] A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, while the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.[65] There are checklists of tactics to prevent student plagiarism.[66] Plagiarism education Edit Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism.[67][68][69] This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student.[67] Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student's future, the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied.[67] The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff, who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.[70][64][71] Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load; reducing memorization, increasing individual practical activities; and promoting positive reinforcement over punishment.[72][73][74] Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize Edit Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.[75] It has been argued that by plagiarizing, students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades. Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.[76] When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur. Another study found that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed by teachers. On the other hand, in that study, some teachers also thought that plagiarism is a consequence of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities.[72] Journalism Edit Since journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter's failure to honestly acknowledge their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news show's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.[77] Self-plagiarism Edit See also: Duplicate publication Learn more It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Self-plagiarism. (Discuss) The reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as "self-plagiarism"; the term "recycling fraud" has also been used to describe this practice.[78] Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication. In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material, such as in publishing or factual documentation.[79] It does not apply to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.[80] In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication.[81][82] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally (as fair use) and ethically.[83] Many people mostly, but not limited to critics of copyright and "intellectual property" do not believe it is possible to plagiarize oneself.[84] Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of self-plagiarism as a reductio ad absurdum argument. Contested definition Edit Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism[82][85][86][87] and his definition of self-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the term "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as being self-contradictory, an oxymoron,[88] and on other grounds.[89] For example, Stephanie J. Bird[90] argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' material. Bird identifies the ethical issues of "self-plagiarism" as those of "dual or redundant publication". She also notes that in an educational context, "self-plagiarism" refers to the case of a student who resubmits "the same essay for credit in two different courses." As David B. Resnik clarifies, "Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft."[91] According to Patrick M. Scanlon,[92] "self-plagiarism" is a term with some specialized currency. Most prominently, it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and "salami-slicing" publication, the reporting of a single study's results in "least publishable units" within multiple articles (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989). Roig (2002) offers a useful classification system including four types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal; partitioning of one study into multiple publications, often called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement. Codes of ethics Edit Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism. For example, the Journal of International Business Studies.[93] Some professional organizations such as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism.[94] Other organizations do not make specific reference to self-plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as "...deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one's own." It does not make any reference to self-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published "in whole or in part", the author is "not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins."[95] The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: "Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions," but it makes no reference to self-plagiarism.[96] Factors that justify reuse Edit Pamela Samuelson, in 1994, identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one's previously published work, that make it not self-plagiarism.[83] She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following: The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work. Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments. The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out. The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time. Samuelson states she has relied on the "different audience" rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: "there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them." She refers to her own practice of converting "a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section" for a different audience.[83] Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self-plagiarism.[83] She also states "Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law's fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works."[83] Organizational publications Edit Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association's "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books states that, since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater "extent of dependence" on other works.[97] However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text's arrangement and organization, and the authors of such texts are also expected to "acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession."[97]

2 1

Western Digital has made a huge HDD breakthrough | TechRadar
by jim bell 10 May '22

10 May '22

https://www.techradar.com/news/western-digital-has-made-a-huge-hdd-breakthr… TRENDING - Windows 11 for business - Best hybrid working tech - Microsoft Teams updates - Latest Mobile news - Office 2021 TechRadar is supported by its audience. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Western Digital has made a huge HDD breakthrough By Anthony Spadafora published about 19 hours ago Storage giant has unveiled the world’s first 26TB UltraSMR HDDThe reason the storage giant has been able to significantly expand the capacity of HDDs over the years is due to its ever expanding technology portfolio which includes its unique OptiNAND technology, energy-assisted PMR (ePMR), triple-stage actuator (TSA), HelioSeal and now UltraSMR. Western Digital’s new ePMR drives leverage the company’s OptiNAND technology to unlock higher levels of capacity, performance and data resiliency. For instance, its new 22TB CMR HDD incorporates OptiNAND to deliver areal density on a 2.2TB/platter HelioSeal platform with ten disks.

1 0

Robinhood's Brand Fake vs. PayPal's Crypto Corruption
by Gunnar Larson 10 May '22

10 May '22

Wire Fraud *By FindLaw Staff <https://www.findlaw.com/company/our-team.html> | Reviewed by Evan Fisher, Esq. <https://www.findlaw.com/company/our-team.html> | Last updated December 27, 2021* One of the most common federal criminal charges is wire fraud. The "wire" is any form of telecommunication: phone, fax, text message, radio, television, internet message, social media message, email, or any other form of airwave or cable communication. "Fraud <https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/fraud.html>" involves the use of intentional deception for monetary or personal gain. Like the mail, telecommunications is an instrument of interstate commerce. That means the crime of wire fraud can be charged at the federal level. It is typically investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Federal Trade Commission, but state laws can also result in criminal charges. This article explains the crime of wire fraud and provides examples of this state and federal crime. Definition of Wire Fraud The definition of wire fraud is broad and includes any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds that are transmitted. The U.S. Department of Justice wire fraud statute (18 U.S.C. 1343 <https://codes.findlaw.com/us/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure/18-usc-…>) cites these four elements of wire fraud: - The defendant created or participated in a scheme to defraud another out of money or property - The defendant did so with the intent to defraud - It was reasonably foreseeable that the defendant would use wire communications - The defendant did, in fact, use interstate wire communications Federal wire fraud charges are used to prosecute perpetrators of both white-collar crimes and organized crime. Scams that take place over interstate wires include (among other things) telemarketing fraud, phishing, identity theft, and spam-related financial crimes <https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/fraud-financial-crimes.ht…> . Penalties for Wire Fraud Persons found guilty of wire fraud under federal law face the following penalties: - Fines up to $250,000 for individuals - Fines up to $500,000 for organizations - Imprisonment of not more than 20 years There are additional penalties of 30 years imprisonment and a million-dollar fine if the wire fraud is related to a presidentially declared major disaster or involves a financial institution. These penalties are per count, which means that each phone call or email, or other electronic communication can be considered separate counts. For instance, if an individual makes three phone calls regarding the fraud, there may be three counts of wire fraud. Each count would potentially be subject to the maximum $250,000 fine and a 20-year prison sentence for a total of $750,000 in fines and 60 years in prison. Wire Fraud SchemesThe Nigerian Prince Scam One of the early and infamous examples of email fraud is the story of the Nigerian prince <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/new-nigerian-prince-scam-according-better-bu…>. In that scam, the sender claims that he is a Nigerian prince who has been exiled and needs to transfer millions of dollars out of the country. He asks the reader for help in doing so, for which they will be lavishly rewarded. The reader only needs to provide the Nigerian prince with his bank account details so the money can be transferred. The scammer then uses that information to access the reader's money. The newest version of this scam, as reported by the Better Business Bureau, involves scammers creating fake bank websites to add credibility to their stories. The victim can then access the fake bank account to see the millions of dollars "available" to them. They enter their own bank routing information and the scammers have what they need. Phishing People who commit wire fraud are frequently looking for their victims' personal information like credit card information, passwords, and financial information like bank account numbers. "Phishing" is the practice by which a scammer will send out an email that looks official but is not. The email requests personal information from the reader. In 2018, real Nigerian nationals, Olayinka Olaniyi and Damilola Solomon Ibiwoye <https://news.gatech.edu/news/2018/08/15/two-convicted-charges-stemming-phis…>, were convicted in federal court of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, computer fraud, and aggravated identity theft. They led a phishing scheme that tricked employees at several American universities into sharing their computer log-in and password. Once they had that information, they used it to deposit payroll checks into bank accounts they controlled. They also gained access to W2 forms. They used those forms to file fraudulent tax returns. These fraudsters used yet another fraudulent scheme to complete the theft: a romance scam. They used dating sites and apps to lure in trusting love interests. At some point, they would ask the new partner if they could wire transfer money into their bank account for safekeeping. They would then transfer the money from the universities into these American accounts before forwarding it to their own accounts in Malaysia and other countries. Telemarketing Fraud Another common example of wire fraud cases, this one using the phone, is telemarketing fraud <https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-charges/telemarketing-fraud.html>. In 2020, Sahil Narang <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ri/pr/five-tied-millions-dollars-telemarketing…> was one of six conspirators convicted of a telemarketing scheme that originated in India. Their targets? Mostly elderly Americans who owned computers but were hardly tech-savvy. Narang pled guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud and ten counts of wire fraud. The scheme was called "Tech Fraud" and it involved routing some 20,000 phone calls regarding computer tech problems to call centers in India. More than 7,000 callers stayed on the line, allowing the scammers to remotely access their computer for "repairs." That misrepresentation allowed computer criminals in India to download their banking information. Worse yet, a follow-up "Refund" scheme involved calling the victims of the first scam to tell them they were eligible for a refund. Of course, they needed to provide their banking information so the money could be forwarded to them. Eager to be refunded, the victims handed over their account information and were defrauded a second time. *Robinhood's Brand Fake vs. PayPal's Crypto Corruption <https://thecapital.io/article/robinhoods-brand-fake-vs-paypals-crypto-corru…>* *Graduate research conducted over the last five years by preeminent global industry scholars, who embody a strong sense of integrity and pride in the social importance and credibility of good institutional design, tease out the following incidents.* With friendly intentions, there is no way out of us moving forward. Corruption occurs when the private search for economic advantage and personal advancement clashes with laws and norms that condemn such behavior. Further complicating the picture, some illegal corrupt transactions drain public resources away from education, health care, and effective infrastructure—the kinds of investments that can improve economic performance and raise living standards for all. It is easy to prove Robinhood Markets (the financial services company) is a brand fake. Perhaps even more significant, there is no reason to think that PayPal, one of the more convenient and commonly-used online payment methods out there, will behave any better given their clear anti-cryptocurrency policy history. Paypal will likely further exploit their monopoly position and risk undermining a pure environment that maximizes the socially beneficial conditions of virtual currencies. - Our estimation strategy so far has been predicated on the assumption that political and legal institutions affect sustainability directly and that the effect of corruption can be estimated conditionally on the institutional context. - As we previously reported <https://thecapital.io/article/new-yorks-raging-regulatory-arbitrage-racket-…>, it is perhaps no coincidence that the systemic risk to cryptocurrency and blockchain systems are tethered to activities of BitLicensees. The cost of corruption is greater than the sum of lost money: distortions in spending priorities undermine the ability of the state to promote sustainable and inclusive growth. This is possible in a framework already characterized by "weak law" that creates both a certain alteration of the rules of the market and perverse dynamics distorting the economy and inhibiting free competition. *Robinhood’s Brand Fake * The legend of Robin Hood portrays a man who robbed the rich and gave to the poor. His partisanship of the common people and his hostility to the Sheriff of Nottingham branded Robin Hood as one of the world’s best known folk heroes. - According to a Forbes investigation <https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkauflin/2020/08/19/the-inside-story-of-rob…> earlier this month, despite its proclamations about democratizing finance, Robinhood's entire business has been built since its inception on selling its customers’ orders—known as “payment for order flow”—to Wall Street’s most notorious sharks, accounting for 70% of its $130 million in revenue during the first quarter of 2020. - Robinhood’s SEC civil fraud investigation more or less points out the essence of potential brand fakery. A Robinhood spokeswoman declined to comment on the investigation or any talks with regulators, but stated: “We strive to maintain constructive relationships with our regulators and to cooperate fully with them.” *PayPal’s Crypto Corruption* The heads of enterprises must curb corruption by setting a clear tone at the top. A statement from the founding CEO of Paypal Holdings Inc., Bill Harris, described Bitcoin as a “scam” and a “colossal pump-and-dump scheme”. “I’m tired of saying, ‘Be careful, it’s speculative.’ Then, ‘Be careful, it’s gambling.’ Then, ‘Be careful, it’s a bubble.’ Okay,I’ll say it: Bitcoin is a scam,” he wrote in June 2019 <https://www.investopedia.com/news/former-paypal-ceo-calls-bitcoin-scam/>. Later in October 2019 Fortune asked PayPal’s current CEO <https://news.bitcoin.com/paypal-ceo-admits-he-owns-bitcoin-2/>, Daniel Schulman if he could share some details of the projects Paypal is working on. However, he replied: “Yes and no. Some of this is competitive, and we don’t really want to,” but noted that what Paypal is working on is “not necessarily competitive with Libra.” - Emphasizing that cryptocurrency is “still very volatile,” the CEO revealed, “we don’t have much demand for it by merchants because merchants operate on very small margins.” He continued: “Until it becomes less volatile, it won’t be a currency that is widely accepted by merchants on the web — not the dark web, but the web.” PayPal’s fundamental longtime assault on the crypto industry <https://themerkle.com/paypal-continues-crackdown-on-crypto-sellers-permanen…> policy was to freeze user accounts connected with any cryptocurrency-related activity. While some people may consider this to be borderline illegal, the company can close user accounts or freeze funds for extended periods of time whenever they feel the need to. In less than a year, everything changed for PayPal with the October 2020 announcement of achieving another regulatory first: through Paxos, PayPal has been granted the first virtual currency conditional license <https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr202010211> from the New York State Department of Financial Services. It seems that PayPal’s dance with “regulatory arbitrage” now engages the ability to provide crypto to their customers. Turn this matter as we will, and look at it from any side whatsoever, and it presents the appearance of anti-competitive behavior. PayPal’s deception and corruption in building its crypto business infrastructure now acts as a cartel sponsored by regulators. - PayPal forbids user access to their own private keys. What’s more, users will not be able to transfer their crypto holdings out of their PayPal account, nor will they be able to send crypto to other PayPal users. - In other words, PayPal more or less dictates what users can do with their cryptocurrencies, and could presumably freeze accounts if they see fit. - Additionally, merchant processors exist to assist merchants in processing transactions, converting bitcoins to fiat currency and depositing funds directly into merchants' bank accounts daily. As these services are based on Bitcoin, they can be offered for much lower fees than with PayPal or credit card networks. *Note, however, that this potential monopoly could arise not from corruption but simply from a revenue-maximizing government that does not factor in the social benefits of competition or of effective natural monopoly regulation. Second, the hope of corrupt gains might lead government officials to privatize the wrong firms. That is, regulators may grant license(s) to firms that are operating at a high level as state firms and so appear valuable to private markets. *

1 0

A QR code-based user-friendly visual cryptography scheme
by jim bell 10 May '22

10 May '22

A QR code-based user-friendly visual cryptography scheme https://share.newsbreak.com/11qy8fik Download PDFDownload PDF - Article - Open Access - Published: 10 May 2022 A QR code-based user-friendly visual cryptography scheme - Lijing Ren & - Denghui Zhang Scientific Reports volume 12, Article number: 7667 (2022) Cite this article - Metricsdetails Abstract Benefiting from the development of the Internet and smart devices, it is now convenient to transmit images anywhere and anytime, which poses a new challenge for image security. The Visual Cryptography Scheme (VCS) is a secret sharing method for protecting an image without a key, the merit of VCS is the human visual system (HVS) can restore the secret image by simply superimposing qualified shares, without any computation. To eliminate noise-like shares in traditional VCS, this paper presents a novel QR code-based expansion-free and meaningful visual cryptography scheme (QEVCS), which generates visually appealing QR codes for transmitting meaningful shares. When distributing on public networks, this scheme does not attract the attention of potential attackers. By limiting the gray-level of a halftoned image, QEVCS both keep the computation-free of visual cryptography and the size of recovery image same as the secret images. The experimental results show the effectiveness of QEVCS when preserving the privacy of images. Introduction In recent years, the rapid development of smart devices and 5G technologies have had a great impact on all walks of life, now people are enjoying conveniences brought by Internet services. As an important information carrier, digital images are widely used in fields including

1 0

Third Point LLC on Shell PLC Restructuring
by Gunnar Larson 10 May '22

10 May '22

Check out my new article: https://litigationfinancejournal.com/third-point-llc-on-shell-plc-restructu… Third Point LLC on Shell PLC Restructuring Litigation Finance Journal recently reported on Shell PLC’s board of directors <https://litigationfinancejournal.com/directors-who-manipulate-esg/> who are accused of allegedly manipulating ESG frameworks at the expense of shareholder interest. New York-based Third Point LLC recently announced a significant investment into Shell, underscoring intentions to profit from a corporate restructuring of the multinational energy conglomerate. Third Point says Shell’s relocation to the United Kingdom provides significant leverage for ROI, given the board of directors’ alleged ESG misgivings. Third Point’s Q1-22 shareholder letter <https://thirdpointlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Third-Point-Q1-202…> outlines the firm’s pragmatic approach to increasing its investment in Shell, despite the board’s ESG track record. Third Point suggests that conversations with Shell’s board echo shareholder dismay from poor ESG planning. However, Third Point plans to help guide Shell’s shareholders to a bright future under various restructuring scenarios. Third Point suggests that European energy efficiencies are a valuable long-term investment in a wartime scenario. Third Point’s Q1-22 letter discusses lessons learned by Shell, and how ESG’s future will include copper and nickel stewardship to drive the future of EV innovation.

1 0

American cannibal
by professor rat 10 May '22

10 May '22

John " Cryptome " Young now linked to Julian Assmange BFF in 2021! John Young was thick as thieves with Alex Jones about a decade ago and Julian Asshat was chatting with Roger Stone more recently. Now these two are closely linked in a vast criminal conspiracy investigation! Young famously exposed the Wikileaks scam as early as 2007. And his Texas cannibal crony even directly called it CIA. But, since then, both these creepy criminals have been back-peddling their criticism. A Roger Stone connection goes a long way to explain this. In his gross dishonesty and loyalty to left-fascism, Young now qualifies as a latter day Claud Cockburn. Young, Tariq Ali and John Pilger form the ' Bol ' part of the Wikileaks Nazbol cohort. https://www.palmerreport.com/analysis/doj-obtains-secret-january-6th-text-m…

1 0

Hackers are actively exploiting BIG-IP vulnerability with a 9.8 severity rating
by jim bell 10 May '22

10 May '22

https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/05/hackers-are-actively…

1 0

[ot][spam][crazy] The Trials of Mediating Algorithms
by Undiscussed Horrific Abuse, One Victim of Many 10 May '22

10 May '22

A very basic task when maintaining an ecosystem of software and technology is the integration of multiple codebases. This comes across plainly in the norm of composition in object oriented development. Composition is a norm for providing a locally-normative interface for some other class, the functionality of which is encapsulated within the developed class. It's an alternative to inheritence that gives the developer more control of what limits and interfaces are available to the wrapped class. It involves a lot of boilerplate, and is normally quick to create. The software ecosystem out there now, often to me looks like it was made generatively by trial and error. There's not a lot of integration between codebases.

1 19

Fwd: Super-Power Your Productivity
by Gunnar Larson 10 May '22

10 May '22

*Finally, read your work out loud. *No matter what your job is, chances are you write at least one email per day. Listening to the words you put down on paper will speed up and clarify your writing process. ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: Harvard Business Review via LinkedIn <newsletters-noreply(a)linkedin.com > Date: Tue, May 10, 2022 at 9:28 AM Subject: Super-Power Your Productivity To: Gunnar Larson <g(a)xny.io> It can feel like 24 hours isn't enough time in the day, and all the... [image: LinkedIn] <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/feed/?midToken=AQFvvfw8UpR8GA&midSig=19_Pykkx…> [image: Gunnar Larson] <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/in/gunnarlarson?midToken=AQFvvfw8UpR8GA&midSi…> NEWSLETTER ON LINKEDIN <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/newsletters/6911744063708745728?midToken=AQFv…> HBR Management Tip of the Week <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/newsletters/6911744063708745728?midToken=AQFv…> Quick, practical management advice to help you do your job better. <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/newsletters/6911744063708745728?midToken=AQFv…> [image: Harvard Business Review] <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%…> Harvard Business Review <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> [image: Newsletter cover image] <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2/pulse?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag…> Super-Power Your Productivity <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2/pulse?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag…> It can feel like 24 hours isn't enough time in the day, and all the productivity hacks in the world won’t change that. Here are four proven strategies to help you make the most of your limited time. *First, batch your meetings.* It’s hard to get into flow when you know you’re going to be interrupted every hour. By knocking out all your meetings at once, you'll clear out some undisturbed time to work on deep-focus tasks. *Second, do your best to learn some keyboard shortcuts *that can reduce how much you rely on your computer's mouse and trackpad. This may seem like a small thing, but over time, it makes a huge difference. *Third, leverage your environment to change your self-destructive habits.* If you're losing time because you’re distracted by your phone throughout the day, leave it in another room. If emails are derailing your workflow, pause notifications. *Finally, read your work out loud. *No matter what your job is, chances are you write at least one email per day. Listening to the words you put down on paper will speed up and clarify your writing process. Read the full article: “What Super Productive People Do Differently <https://hbr.org/2020/12/what-super-productive-people-do-differently?utm_cam…> .” Enjoying these management tips? Unlock unlimited access to HBR’s content with a subscription <https://hbr.org/subscriptions?utm_campaign=hbr&utm_medium=social&utm_source…>. And for a daily version of this newsletter, sign up here <https://hbr.org/email-newsletters?movetile=mtod&utm_campaign=hbr&utm_medium…> . Learn more: [image: No alt text provided for this image] <https://hbr.org/2022/02/4-ways-managers-can-increase-flexibility-without-lo…> 4 Ways Managers Can Increase Flexibility Without Losing Productivity <https://hbr.org/2022/02/4-ways-managers-can-increase-flexibility-without-lo…> [image: No alt text provided for this image] <https://hbr.org/2020/05/want-to-be-more-productive-try-doing-less?utm_campa…> Want to Be More Productive? Try Doing Less. <https://hbr.org/2020/05/want-to-be-more-productive-try-doing-less?utm_campa…> Join the conversation <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2/pulse?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag…> <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2/pulse?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apag…> Know someone who might be interested in this newsletter? Share it with them. [image: Share this series on LinkedIn] <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> [image: Share this series on Faceoobk] <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> [image: Share this series on Twitter] <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> This email was intended for Gunnar Larson (xNY.io - Bank.org) Learn why we included this. <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> You are receiving LinkedIn notification emails. The newsletter author can see that you are a subscriber. Unsubscribe <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&t=lun&midToken=AQFvvfw8Up…> · Help <https://www.linkedin.com/e/v2?e=a25i4-l306uy17-7x&lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Aem…> [image: LinkedIn] <https://www.linkedin.com/comm/feed/?midToken=AQFvvfw8UpR8GA&midSig=19_Pykkx…> © 2022 LinkedIn Corporation, 1‌000 West Maude Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085. LinkedIn and the LinkedIn logo are registered trademarks of LinkedIn. -- *Gunnar Larson - xNY.io <http://www.xNY.io> | Bank.org <http://Bank.org>* MSc <https://www.unic.ac.cy/blockchain/msc-digital-currency/?utm_source=Google&u…> - Digital Currency MBA <https://www.unic.ac.cy/business-administration-entrepreneurship-and-innovat…> - Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ip) G(a)xNY.io +1-646-454-9107 New York, New York 10001

1 0

No Silvio
by professor rat 10 May '22

10 May '22

This loser is not a cypherpunks arsehole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Micali Would not know anarchist revolution from a hole in the gound.

1 0